Short answer, YES. They will remain in JIRA even though you delete them from your computer because they are not linked. Always keep a back-up though if it's pretty important.
If you or someone else have the JIRA permission "delete own/all attachments" (or even worse "delete issue") then it will be better to keep the attachments on your computer (if they are important for you).
Otherwise they will definetly remain in JIRA.
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